@article {1155055,
	title = {Gut immune maturation depends on colonization with a host-specific microbiota},
	journal = {Cell},
	volume = {149},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Jun 22},
	pages = {1578-93},
	abstract = {Gut microbial induction of host immune maturation exemplifies host-microbe mutualism. We colonized germ-free (GF) mice with mouse microbiota (MMb) or human microbiota (HMb) to determine whether small intestinal immune maturation depends on a coevolved host-specific microbiota. Gut bacterial numbers and phylum abundance were similar in MMb and HMb mice, but bacterial species differed, especially the Firmicutes. HMb mouse intestines had low levels of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, few proliferating T cells, few dendritic cells, and low antimicrobial peptide expression--all characteristics of GF mice. Rat microbiota also failed to fully expand intestinal T cell numbers in mice. Colonizing GF or HMb mice with mouse-segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) partially restored T cell numbers, suggesting that SFB and other MMb organisms are required for full immune maturation in mice. Importantly, MMb conferred better protection against Salmonella infection than HMb. A host-specific microbiota appears to be critical for a healthy immune system.},
	keywords = {Animals, Bacteria, Cell Proliferation, Female, Germ-Free Life, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Intestines, Male, Metagenome, Mice, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Salmonella Infections, Species Specificity, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, symbiosis, T-Lymphocytes},
	author = {Chung, Hachung and Pamp, S{\"u}nje J and Hill, Jonathan A and Surana, Neeraj K and Edelman, Sanna M and Troy, Erin B and Reading, Nicola C and Villablanca, Eduardo J and Wang, Sen and Mora, Jorge R and Umesaki, Yoshinori and Mathis, Diane and Benoist, Christophe and Relman, David A and Kasper, Dennis L}
}
